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            Schwedische Weihnachtsgetränke
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          Nov 25, 2016
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            Der Unterschied zwischen "bra" und "god"
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<p>Wenn man jemand ein kompliment geben möchte, benutzt man wahrscheinlich das Wort <em>gut</em>. Wusstest du aber, dass es im Schwedischen zwei Wörter hierfür gibt? <em>Bra </em>und <em>god</em>.</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Bra</strong></p>
<p>Dieses Wort ist ein unregelmäßiger Adjektiv und Adverb, das benutzt wird, wenn etwas erfolgreich ist oder jemand geschickt ist. Es ist einfach der Gegensatz zu <em>schlecht</em>. Zum Beispiel: "Schweden ist ein gutes Land" (Sverige är ett bra land) und "Du bist ein guter Tänzer" (Du är en bra dansare). Außerdem haben wir "Das Essen ist gut geworden" (Maten blev bra), "Du siehst gut aus" (Du ser bra ut) und "Mir geht’s gut" (Jag mår bra).</p>
<p>Verstanden? Erfolgreich und geschickt.</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>God</strong></p>
<p>Das Wort is älter und hat Verwandte im ganzen germanischen Sprachraum (Englisch <em>good</em>, Deutsch <em>gut</em>, Niederländisch <em>goed</em>). Das Wort hat immer noch die oben genannte Bedeutung, die aber heutzutage etwas altmodisch wirkt und die meist in Ausdrücken vorzufinden ist. Wir haben zum Beispiel <em>en god vän</em> (ein guter Freund) und <em>en god bok</em> (ein gutes Buch). Dieser Ausdruck ist aber ziemlich veraltet. Man benutzt er noch, aber, wenn man über ein Buch mit seinen Freunden spricht, sagt man eher <em>en bra bok</em>. Der Ausdruck beschreibt eher die Handlung sich mit einer Tasse Tee und einem <em>guten </em>(god) Buch hinzusetzen. Wir haben darüber hinaus unter anderem <em>gott uppförande</em> (gutes Benehmen), <em>god stämning</em> (gute Stimmung), <em>gott samvete</em> (gutes Gewissen), <em>ett gott råd</em> (ein guter Rat), <em>i god tid</em> (frühzeitig), <em>på gott avstånd</em> (mit viel Abstand). Dieses Wort ist das Gegenteil von <em>ond </em>(böse). Daher der Ausdruck <em>på gott och ont</em>, der aber im Deutschen zu "im Guten wie im Schlechten". Wahrscheinlich, weil <em>ont </em>auf Schwedisch auch das Wort für eine Art Schmerz ist. Alles etwas verwirrend, nicht wahr?</p>
<p>Nun zum Knackpunkt: eine modernere Bedeutung von <em>god</em>, neben, dass es der Gegensatz von <em>böse </em>ist, ist lecker. Etwas schmeckt oder duftet gut. Diese Bedeutung ist die üblichste heutzutage – "Det var en god hamburgare" (Das war ein guter/leckerer Burger), "Du luktar gott" (Du riechst gut).</p>
<p>Je mehr man darüber nachdenkt, desto mehr werden die Grenzen unklar. Wenn du dir jedoch unsicher bist, benutze <em>bra</em>, wenn etwas gut gemacht ist oder jemand geschickt ist. Benutze hingegen <em>god </em>oder <em>gott</em>, was soviel, wie die Neutrumform ist, die bei <em>bra</em> fehlt, wenn du dem Koch ein Kompliment gibst. "Det här var jättegott" (Das hier war echt gut/lecker). Das heißt, wenn du keinen festen Ausdruck benutzt.</p>
<p>Foto: Tina Stafrén/imagebank.sweden.se</p>
<p><em>Aktualisiert am 14.8.2024</em></p>
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          Nov 22, 2016
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            Was ist der Unterschied zwischen „någonting“, „något“ und „nått“?
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<p>Schweden sprechen hören ist eine großartige Quelle für Fragezeichen. Wörter werden meist so ausgesprochen, wie sie geschrieben werden, außer, wenn sie es nicht werden. Darüber hinaus, wenn man einst ein Wort gelernt hat, hört man es plötzlich wieder und diesmal klingt es komplett anderes.<span> </span><i>Någonting</i><span> </span>und<span> </span><i>någon</i><span> </span>sind solche Wörter.</p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p>Falls dir das Wort<span> </span><i>någonting</i><span> </span>nicht bekannt ist, es bedeutet „etwas“ auf Schwedisch.<span> </span><i>Någon</i><span> </span>bedeutet eigentlich „jemand“ (ist aber auch die Utrum-Variante von „etwas“) und<span> </span><i>ting</i><span> </span>ist älteres Schwedisch für „Ding“. Es ist wohl kaum schwierig, das Wort zu erlernen, aber dann siehst du plötzlich, wenn du Schwedisch liest, dass dir sehr oft stattdessen<span> </span><i>något</i><span> </span>über den Weg läuft. Diese Variante des Wortes ähnelt<span> </span><i>någon</i><span> </span>viel mehr, also wirst du erst erleichert sein und du frohlockst diesbezüglich, wenn du dies entdeckst. Man muss ja nur einen Buchstaben austauschen! Aber dann verbreitet sich plötzlich ein dunkler Nebel um dich herum. Was sagen die Schweden da eigentlich?</p>
<p>Wenn du dir Schwedisch anhörst, wirst du viel mehr etwas wie<span> </span><i>nått</i><span> </span>und<span> </span><i>nån</i><span> </span>hören. Diese Wörter sind noch kürzere Varianten von<span> </span><i>någonting</i><span> </span>und<span> </span><i>någon</i>, aber werden im Moment NUR im gesprochenen Schwedischen verwendet.<span> </span><i>Något</i><span> </span>ist in der Schriftsprache genauso akzeptiert, wie<span> </span><i>någonting</i>. Ein anderes Wort, das du sehr häufig hören wirst ist<span> </span><i>nånting</i>. Hier wird nur der erste Teil verkürzt, genau wie<span> </span><i>någon</i><span> </span>normalerweise wird.</p>
<p>Also, merke dir folgendes:<span> </span><i>någonting</i>,<span> </span><i>något</i><span> </span>und<span> </span><i>någon</i><span> </span>sind in der Schriftsprache aufgenommene Variante.<span> </span><i>Nått</i>,<span> </span><i>nånting</i><span> </span>und<span> </span><i>nån</i><span> </span>hingegen sind es nicht, sind jedoch in der gesprochenen Sprache sehr, sehr üblich. Sie kannst du ruhig benutzen, denn sie fühlen sich keinetwegs zu umgangsprachlich an.</p>
<p>Foto: Tuukka Ervasti/ imagebank.sweden.se</p>
<p><em>Aktualisiert am 12.6.2024</em></p>
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          Nov 18, 2016
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            Was ist mit „de“ und „dem“?
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<p>Im Schwedischen sind die beiden Pronomina für die 3. Person Mehrzahl <em>de </em>und <em>dem</em>. Wenn man aber Schwedisch hört, dann wird aber auch das kleine Wörtchen <em>dom </em>auftauchen, das alle beide ganz ersetzt. Was soll das, denn?</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Dom</strong></p>
<p>Dieses kleine Wort, <em>dom</em>, wird in der gesprochenen Sprache benutzt. Es ersetzt sowohl die Nominativform <em>de</em> (sie) als auch die Objektform <em>dem</em> (sie/ihnen). Es sollte nicht mit dem Substantiv <em>dom</em> verwechselt werden, was so viel wie Urteil bedeutet und mit einem kurzen U-Laut ausgesprochen wird. Das Pronomen wird mit einem kurzen O-Laut ausgesprochen und hat <em>de </em>und <em>dem </em>mehr oder weniger ersetzt. Das ist für diejenigen gut, die die Sprache lernt, denn dann muss man nur ein Wort für die beiden Formen lernen – so die Theorie. Die Wirklichkeit sieht etwas anders aus.</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Die drei Pronomina</strong></p>
<p>Sprachen sind im ständigen Wandel und da sind eine menge Variabeln im Spiel: Sprachen streben nach Simplizität, schlechte Ausbildung spielt eine Rolle und unter anderem gar Faulheit. Das Ergebnis ist heute, dass man auf Schwedisch drei Wörter benutzt. Wir sind also mitten in der Veränderung drin, die nie zu enden scheint. <em>De/dem</em> sind ein Paar, das immernoch in der Schriftsprache bevorzugt wird, wo <em>dom</em>, hingegen, in der gesprochenen Sprache und informellem Schrift benutzt wird.</p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Das tatsächliche Problem</strong></p>
<p>Da <em>dem </em>und <em>dom </em>so ähnlich aussehen, denken manche Leute, Schweden, dass <em>dem </em>die korrekte Schreibweise von <em>dom </em>ist. Das ist nicht so seltsam, wenn man an <em>mig</em> (mich) und <em>dig </em>(dich) denkt, die wie /mej/ und /dej/ ausgesprochen werden. Schweden sind also daran gewöhnt, Wörter anders, als sie ausschauen, auszusprechen. Im Endeffekt schreiben Leute also <em>dem </em>die ganze Zeit.</p>
<p>Dann gibt es die Gruppe, die nicht zwischen Subjekt- und Objektform unterscheiden können, obwohl sie genau wissen, wie man <em>jag</em> (ich) und <em>mig </em>(mich) verwendet. Wenn diese Leute stattdessen immer <em>dom </em>benutzen würden, würde es aber nicht ganz so schlimm aussehen. Also, wenn ihr unsicher seid, schreibt <em>dom </em>für beide Formen oder lernt, wie man de und <em>dem </em>richtig verwendet.</p>
<p>Foto: Simon Paulin/imagebank.sweden.se</p>
<p><em>Aktualisiert am 10.6.2024</em></p>
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          Nov 16, 2016
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            Die Schweden und das Fluchen
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<p><em>Ursäkta min dåliga franska</em> – entschuldigen Sie mein schlechtes Französisch. Vielen gefällt das Fluchen nicht und im üblichen Sprachunterricht lernt man es gar nicht erst. Warum, frage ich immer, denn das Fluchen ist ein großer Teil einer Sprache und notwendig, um Emotionen zeigen zu können. Es mag vielleicht so klingen, als hätte man keine Impulskontrolle aber wir werden trotzdem nicht drumherumkommen, dass geflucht wird und warum sollte man dann nicht lernen das, was gesagt wird, zu verstehen?</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Tausend und 17 Männer</strong></p>
<p>Es gibt viele Niveaus des Fluchens und zu den Schimpfwörtern, die als weniger schlimm betrachtet werden, gehören diejenigen, die mit Zahlen konstruiert werden. In Schweden sind religiöse Schimpfwörter gebräuchlich und früher hat man sie mit Zahlen verstärkt wie z.B. sjutton, attans und tusan. Mit der Zeit sind die ganzen Teufel und Co weggefallen und geblieben sind nur die numerische Maße. Was ist mit den 17 Männern? In Schweden ist ein leichterer Fluch <em>för sjutton gubbar </em>– für 17 (alte) Männer.</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Gott und der Teufel</strong></p>
<p>Religiöse Schimpfwörter sind keine Seltenheit in Europa und wo die Südländer die Madonna beschimpft, sprechen die Schweden von Gott und dem Teufel. Obwohl Schweden säkularisiert ist und die Kirche vom Staat getrennt ist, hört man trotzdem oft <em>herregud</em> (Herr Gott) oder <em>men gud</em> (aber Gott). Heute gar nicht so übel. Am häufigsten wird man aber <em>Fan</em> hören. <em>Fan </em>ist eine Benennung des Teufels und ist für die Schimpfwörter das, was <em>hej</em> für die Begrüßungen ist. Es wird ständig benutzt: wenn man sich verletzt hat, wenn etwas nicht gut genug läuft oder einfach als Verstärkungswort! <em>Fan vad snygg du är idag!</em> (Mann, du siehst heute aber gut aus!) Das schwedische Wort für Teufel ist hingegen <em>djävul</em> und das wird auch so wie <em>Fan</em> benutzt, aber in der Mehrzahl <em>djävlar/jävlar</em>. Ein dritter Name für den Teufel ist Satan und wird auch auf dieser Art benutzt, aber nicht ganz so häufig. <em>Fan </em>ist am üblichsten. Dann kommt <em>djävlar </em>und zuletzt kommt also <em>Satan</em>.</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Der Intimbereich</strong></p>
<p>Da Religion in Schweden nicht mehr so wichtig ist und diese Schimpfwörter als umgangssprachliche Verstärkungswörter benutzt werden, musste was neues her, das auch eine schockierende Wirkung haben könnte. Also benutzt man heutzutage Wörter, wie auf Deutsch, für Gegenstände im Intimbereich. Am besten mit einer Verstärkungswort wie djävla/jävla. Hier sind die <em>fitta</em> (Fotze) und der <em>kuk</em> (Schwanz) vertreten. Diese Wörter werden heute leider neben <em>bög </em>(Schwuler), und <em>hora</em> (Hure) als Beleidigung verwendet. Hoffentlich gibt es da bald eine Veränderung zu sehen.</p>
<p>Foto: Per Pixel Petersson/imagebank.sweden.se</p>
<p><em>Aktualisiert am 6.6.2024</em></p>
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          Nov 15, 2016
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            Ist Schwedisch schwer zu erlernen?
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<p>Eine extrem häufige Frage, die mir gestellt wird, ist: <em>Ist Schwedisch schwer zu erlernen?</em> Dafür muss man erst wissen wie viel Zeit man hat zum Lernen und wie gut man die Sprache können möchte – also, wofür man Schwedisch eigentlich braucht. Es kommt auf die Muttersprache drauf an, Erfahrung eine Sprache zu lernen und die generelle Motivation.</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Was ist Schwedisch genau?</strong></p>
<p>Schwedisch ist eine Sprache, die man vor allem in Schweden und in manchen Teilen Finnlands spricht. Es ist eine kleine Sprache, dennoch sehr wichtig, da man damit sich in ganz Skandinavien verständigen kann. Es ist eine der Top 10 Sprachen, in der die meisten Bücher gedruckt werden, es wird in einer Region der Welt gesprochen mit vielen guten Universitäten, die mit Technologie, Medizin, Filmproduktion, Gameproduktion und Musik weit vorne ist. Deutschland und Schweden hat eine gute Handelsbeziehung und darüber hinaus wollen viele in den Norden wegen der offenen Gesellschaft oder der wunderschönen Natur entweder ziehen oder in den Urlaub fahren. Schweden ist also klein aber fein.</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Warum soll ich Schwedisch können?</strong></p>
<p>Wer Schwedisch lernt, kommt auch in Norwegen, Dänemark und Finnland ziemlich gut zurecht. Die Sprachen waren mal Dialekte und sind es quasi immer noch. Sogar auf Island kann man Schwedisch benutzen, da die meisten dort, neben Isländisch, eine zweite skandinavische Sprache sprechen, da Isländisch für die Festlandsskandinaver im Prinzip unverständlich ist. So gesehen ist Schwedisch doch keine so kleine Sprache. Man kann sich immerhin damit mit über 20 Millionen Leute verständigen.</p>
<p>Der Ostseeraum wird wirtschaftlich immer wichtiger und wer nach Skandinavien kommt sollte unbedingt eine der skandinavischen Sprachen lernen. Skandinaver, ins besonderes die Schweden, sprechen so gut Englisch, so dass viele meinen es sei gar nicht nötig noch Schwedisch zu lernen. Will man aber die Kultur richtig verstehen, hilft kein Englisch. Außerdem gilt für jedes Land, dass wenn man dort die einheimische Sprache sprechen zeigt man den Einwohner Respekt. Man kommt ihnen gleich sympatischer vor und wird nicht als dummer Tourist angesehen. Das gilt auch für Geschäftsleute, die dann mit Sicherheit einen besseren Ausgangspunkt für Verhandlungen erhalten, würden sie zumindest ein wenig auf Schwedisch plaudern können.</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Ist Schwedisch denn schwer zu erlernen?</strong></p>
<p>Für Deutschsprechende lautet die Antwort: Nein! Schwedisch ähnelt dem Deutschen im Satzbau und im Wortschatz da sie beide germanische Sprachen sind. Außerdem gibt es im Schwedischen viele französische und deutsche Lehnwörter. Das heißt: Vieles kannst du schon sagen!</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Wie lernst du am liebsten?</strong></p>
<p>Bist du derjenige, der sich lieber unterwegs Lektionen anhört oder bist du der, der am PC ganz viel übt? <strong>Sprich mal Schwedisch</strong> wird für alle Lerntypen entwickelt. Die Lektionen gibt es als Audiodatei oder in Textformat zum Ausdrucken. Du kannst online lernen oder innerhalb der Community, wo du die Möglichkeit hast, mir, dem Gründer und einem schwedischen Muttersprachler, und anderen Lernenden Fragen zu stellen, entweder durch private Nachrichten, in den Kommentaren oder in der <a href="https://discord.sprichmalschwedisch.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Discord-Gemeinschaft</a>. Darüber hinaus gibt es thematische Wortlisten mit Audio, Videos und diesen Blog. Vergiss den teuren VHS-Kurs oder das staubige Lernmittel.</p>
<p><strong>Sprich mal Schwedisch</strong> bieten eine enge Community und wird ständig entwickelt und immer auf den neusten Stand gebracht.</p>
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<p><span>Foto: Cecilia Larsson Lantz/Imagebank.sweden.se</span></p>
<p><em>Aktualisiert am 3.6.2024</em></p>
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